Low-band cell towers have a range and coverage area similar to 4G towers. Low-band 5G uses a similar frequency range to 4G cellphones, 600–900 MHz, giving download speeds a little higher than 4G: 30–250 megabits per second (Mbit/s). For providing a wide range of services, 5G networks can operate in three frequency bands – : low, medium, and high.ĥG can be implemented in low-band, mid-band or high-band millimeter-wave 24 GHz up to 54 GHz. The increased data rate is achieved partly by using additional higher-frequency radio waves in addition to the low- and medium-band frequencies used in previous cellular networks. Millimeter-wave antennas are smaller than the large antennas used in previous cellular networks. Millimeter waves also have more trouble passing through building walls. Millimeter waves have a shorter range than the lower frequency microwaves, therefore the cells are of a smaller size. Several network operators use millimeter waves called FR2 in 5G terminology, for additional capacity and higher throughputs. The industry consortium setting standards for 5G, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), defines "5G" as any system using 5G NR (5G New Radio) software - a definition that came into general use by late 2018. 5G is expected to support up to a million devices per square kilometer. As in other cellular networks, a mobile device moving from one cell to another is automatically handed off seamlessly. The base stations, termed nodes, are connected to switching centers in the telephone network and routers for Internet access by high-bandwidth optical fiber or wireless backhaul connections. All 5G wireless devices in a cell communicate by radio waves with a cellular base station via fixed antennas, over frequency channels assigned by the base station.
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